by

preposition

1. Near or next to.
2. From one side of something to the other, passing close by; past.
3. Not later than (the given time); not later than the end of (the given time interval); before.
4. After a given amount of time has elapsed or a given event has occurred.
5. Following a passive verb.
6. Following a noun.
7. Following an adjective.
8. Indicates the creator of a work: Existing through the authorship etc. of.
9. Indicates a means of achieving something: Involving/using the means of.
10. Indicates an authority according to which something is done.
11. Invokes an authority in an oath.
12. Indicates a means of classification or organisation.
13. Indicates the amount of change, difference or discrepancy
14. In the formulae X by X and by Xs, indicates a steady progression, one X after another.
15. [with the] Acted on in units of the specified size or measure. (Sometimes hyperbolically)
16. Per; with or in proportion to each.
17. Indicates a referenced source: According to.
18. Used to separate dimensions when describing the size of something.
19. Multiplied by or (chiefly South Asia) divided by.
20. Designates a horse's sire (“male parent”).